Gerunds (-ING VERB FORMS) and infinitives

1. Gerunds(-ING VERB FORMS) and infinitives TUTORIAL

2. What are Gerunds? • words that are formed with verbs but act as nouns • very easy to spot • end in –ing no exception to this rule • can be used as: • a subject, • direct object, • subject complement, • object of preposition. • can be made negative by adding "not." • Examples: Not doing anything is worse than doing the wrong thing. He enjoys not working. The best thing for your health is not smoking.

3. Gerund as a subject • Example: Reading helps you learn English. - reading is the SUBJECT of learn - WHAT? + helps you learn English = SUBJECT • Other examples: Swimming is a good exercise. - swimming is the SUBJECT of be Smoking costs a lot of money. - learning is the subject of cost

4. Gerund as a direct object • Example: We can’t afford making the same mistake. - making the same mistake is the direct object of the sentence - We + can’t afford + WHAT? = DIRECT OBJECT • Other examples: She dislikes learning English grammar. Have you finished working?

5. Gerund as subject complement • Example: What I really like is travelling to other countries. - after a linking verb e.g. TO BE Other examples: Knowledge is learning something everday. My favourite occupation is reading books in English.

6. Gerund as object of the preposition • Example: Afterwaiting patiently for an hour I left the office. - waitingpatiently for an hour functions as the object of the preposition • Preposition+gerund phrase = OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION • Other examples: I am looking forward tomeeting you. She managed to pass her exam by learning a lot. Handouts must be taken beforeleaving the classroom. The police arrested him forspeeding.

7. Why do we use gerund phrases? • generally descriptive and interesting • can tidy up a messy sentence Examples: 1) On Sunday afternoons I habitually do laundry. Doing laundry on Sunday afternoon has become my habit. 2) On the weekend I clean my kitchen, which I enjoy. On the weekend I enjoy cleaning my kitchen. 3) My greatest challenge in school is to focus while I read. My greatest challenge in school is focusing on my reading. Focusing on my reading is my greatest challenge in school.

8. INFINITIVES • the "to" form of the verb • e.g. the infinitive form of: demand ---- to demand supply ---- to supply • Examples: He needsto buya new mobile phone. The teacher wantsto explain the new lesson. • can be made negative by adding "not.“ • Examples: • I decided not to go. • The most important thing is not to give up.

9. INFINITIVES ARE USED: 1) After certain verbs, adjectives and nouns. a. Verb + infinitive They hope to reach the party on time. I want to try the new ice-cream flavour. b. Adjective + infinitive I’m happy to hear you are well. She’s delighted to see him. c. Noun + infinitive I’ve got some homework to do. It’s a high price to pay. It’s time to take a break. 2) To express a purpose I got up early to do homework. I have some letters to write.

10. Gerunds and Infinitives • Some verbs (e.g. love, hate, start, prefer) can take gerund or infinitive, with similar meanings Examples: a) I love to eatchocolates. b)I love eating chocolates. a) I started to polish the car, but then decided not to. b) I started polishing the car, but then decided not to. a) I hate to get up early. b) I hate getting up early.

11. A few verbs (such as ‘stop’, ‘remember’ and ‘forget’) can be followed by either the gerund or the infinitive but the meanings are different. • Examples: • STOP • They stopped having lunch at the restaurant. • (They don’t eat at the restaurant anymore) • They stopped to have lunch at the restaurant. • (They stopped another activity in order to have • lunch at the restaurant)

12. Gerunds and Infinitives REMEMBER • Remember to bring your portfolio to the class tomorrow. (Don’t forget to bring your portfolio...) • I remember collecting marbles in our old neighbourhood. (Past memory: I remember that I collected marbles ...)

13. Gerunds and Infinitives REGRET • I regret to tell you that your application has been rejected. (To apologise for something bad. To inform something bad. This is used in more formal situations.) I regret not saying goodbye before leaving. (To be sorry now for something we did in the past)

14. BE CAREFUL! • ‘to’ can be part of the infinitive or it can be a preposition • use gerund after the preposition ‘to’ Examples: I look forward to hearing from you. (√) I look forward to hear from you. (X)

15. GERUND INFINITIVE • After verbs that express likes/dislikes:like, love, enjoydislike, hatedon't mind, can't stand ..... doing • After verbs that  refer to a future event :    want,  hope,  intendwould like, promise .........to do

16. GERUNDINFINITIVE • After certain other verbs,  such as :  admit             imagineappreciate    involveavoid             keep (on)consider        mentiondelay             missdeny              postponefinish             suggest ........ doing • After certain other verbs, such as  :      afford           helpagree           learnarrange        managechoose         offerfail               refusehappen        seem ..............   to do

17. GERUND INFINITIVE • After certain expressions: it's no use it's no good there's no point in .......... doing • After "too" & "enough":       too difficult easy enough  ...............  to do

18. GERUNDINFINITIVE • After prepositions :  interested in ...    instead of ...good at ...before ...after ............. doing • After adjectives:        glad  (ex : glad to know...) pleased  (ex : pleased to meet you...) disappointed  (ex : disappointed to hear...)

19. Task 1: Fill in the blanks below with the correct form of the verb in brackets. 1.    It's obvious he's only interested in (make) ______________ money. 2.    Anne couldn't find a taxi so I offered (drive) ________________ her to the station. 3.   I managed (book) ________________ two seats on the morning flight. 4.   I promise (send) _______________ you our new brochure as soon as it's available.   5.   Peter was delighted (meet) _______________ a former colleague at the conference. making todrive tobook tosend tomeet

20. taking • 6.   I avoid (take) _______________ the car whenever possible, especially in big cities. • 7.   We finished the job by (work) _______________ 12 hours a day.   • 8.   Bob sent a report to the Chairman instead of (attend) _______________ the meeting. • 9.   A lot of people dislike (drive) _______________ at night.   • 10.I intend (speak) _______________ to my boss about your complaint. working attending driving tospeak

21. TASK 2: Gerund or infinitive? 1. There’s a lot of work ______ (do) in the new building. 2. ‘What’s this for?’ ‘It’s for _______ (cook) the vegetables.’ 3. I really love _____ (play) with the children. 4. ______ (swim) is a good form of exercise. 5. I can’t stand _____ (do) the washing-up. 6.We managed ______ (pass) the exam by _____ (test) each other every evening. 7. We were getting tired, so we stopped _____ (have) lunch. 8. I was surprised _______ (not hear) about the new baby.

22. Task 3: Gerund or infinitive? • I want _____ (finish) work early tonight. • I hate ______ (wait) for buses in the rain. • I’m going to the café _____ (meet) Anna. • Sam is really good at _____ (climb). • Thank you for ____ (be) so helpful. • I enjoy _____ (listen) to the radio while cooking. • Let’s go now. I’m worried about _____ (miss) the train. • He refused _____ (help) me.