مديريت بحران تعاريف و مفاهيم عباس نبوره

1. مديريت بحرانتعاريف و مفاهيمعباس نبوره

2. تعريف بحران • بحران به هرگونه حادثه‌اي اطلاق مي‌شود كه به جان يا مال انسان آسيب برساند و نياز به اقدام فوري و فوق‌العاده داشته باشد. • بحرانها به دو دسته طبيعي و انسان‌ساز تقسيم‌مي‌گردند.

3. سوانح و شرايط اضطراري • سوانح طبيعي، با شروع سريع (Natural, Rapid-onset) • اينها توسط سوانحي طبيعي نظير زلزله، گردباد، سيل، زمين‌لغزش، انفجارات آتشفشاني و انواع مشخصي از اپيدمي‌هاي بيماري‌ها شروع مي‌شوند. آنها به طور ناگهاني روي مي‌دهند و اغلب با هشدار خيلي كمي همراهند. • سوانح تكنولوژيك، با شروع سريع (Technological, Rapid-onset) • اينها ناشي از سوانح صنعتي (مثلاً حادثه مخزن نفت يا مواد شيميايي يا يك حادثه پرتوي)، حوادث عمده حمل و نقل، يا اختلال در ساير سيستم‌هاي تكنولوژيك هستند. اينها نيز به طور ناگهاني روي داده، با هشدار كمي همراه هستند. • با شروع آهسته (Slow-onset) • اين اصطلاح بيشتر براي اشاره به قحطي مواد غذايي ناشي از خشكسالي يا حمله حشرات به غلات روي مي‌دهد و در اين حالت، شروع فاجعه بيش از چند هفته و چند ماه به درازا مي‌كشد. اين اصطلاح همچنين سوانحي را پوشش مي‌دهد كه توسط تخريب محيط‌زيست يا آلودگي آن روي مي‌دهد.

4. حوادث سياسي پيچيده (Complex Political Emergencies) ممكن است در اين بين سوانح طبيعي به خصوص خشكسالي به عنوان يك عامل مطرح شوند، اما حوادث سياسي پيچيده با عدم ثبات سياسي طولاني مدت كه اغلب با خشونت زياد همراهند، مشخص مي‌گردند. حوادث دائمي (Permanent Emergencies) • اينها ناشي از فقر ساختاري گسترده‌اند و ضروري است تا رفاه اجتماعي بيشتري ايجاد شود، اما مي‌تواند با سوانح طبيعي تشديد يابد. جابجايي گسترده جمعيت (Mass Population Displacements) • جابجايي جمعيت مي‌تواند علت يا معلول (پيامد) ساير انواع حوادث باشد.

5. سوانح روزمره (Everyday Disasters) سوانح روزمره به حوادثي اطلاق مي‌شود كه به طور طبيعي با آسيب و اختلال بالاتر از ظرفيت جامعه براي انطباق با آن تعريف مي‌شود. مركز تحقيق بر روي اپيدميولوژي سوانح (CRED) در بلژيك وجود حداقل يكي از چهار كراترياي زير را براي تعريف يك سانحه (Disaster) ضروري مي‌داند: • گزارش 10 ≤ تلفات • گزارش 100 ≤ نفر تحت تأثير حوادث • فراخوان (درخواست) كمك بين‌المللي • و يا تعيين يكي از شرايط اضطراري

6. تعريف مديريت بحران • مديريت بحران داراي چهار ركن اصلي متشكل از: 1- كاهش خسارات 2- آمادگي 3- واكنش 4- بازسازي و عادي سازي است. سيستم جامع مديريت بحران مخاطرات بالقوه و منابع موجود را ارزيابي كرده و طوري برنامه ريزي مي‌نمايد كه منابع موجود را با مخاطرات موازنه كند.

7. وظايف مديران • برنامه‌ريزي • جلب مشاركت مردمي • سازماندهي • به كارگيري نيروي انساني • رهبري • نظارت

8. ويژگيهاي مديريت بحران • تشويق مشاركت داوطلبانه مردم در آمادگي، امدادرساني، بازسازي و عادي سازي • جهت گيري به سوي عمل • وقوف به نياز آسيب ديدگان • تشويق مديريت مستقل و ابتكار در عمليات • توسعه عمليات مقابله با بحران و آمادگي • دستيابي به بهره‌وري در اثر توجه به نيازهاي كاركنان • توجه به ارزشهاي رهبران و مردم • استفاده از اطلاعات مناسب • سازمان ساده با تعداد كاركنان اندك • غير متمركز بودن عمليات • احترام به آداب وسنن اجتماعي، فرهنگي و محلي

9. مراحل مديريت بحران • پيشگيري و كاهش اثرات: كاهش احتمال وقوع يا اثرات ناشي از بلايا • آمادگي: برنامه‌ريزي و پژوهش، آموزش و مانور • مقابله:ارايه خدمات اضطراري بلافاصله پس از وقوع بحران • بازسازي: بازگرداندن جامعه به حالت عادي و نه لزوماٌ حالت پيش از بحران

10. مفاهيم مديريت بحران • سازمان مسئول: سازماني كه در شرايط عادي و بحراني مسئوليت يكي از امور 24 گانه مديريت بحران شهر تهران را بر عهده دارد. • سازمان همكار: سازماني كه داراي تخصص، توان و امكاناتي باشدكه بتواند در شرايط بحراني در انجام وظيفه مديريت بحران، سازمان مسئول را ياري نمايد. • سازمان پشتيبان: سازماني كه در شرايط بحراني خدمات جانبي و غير تخصصي به سازمان مسئول و سازمانهاي همكار ارايه نمايد. • سازمان جانشين: سازماني با تخصص مشابه سازمان مسئول كه در شرايطي كه به هر دليل سازمان مسئول توانايي مديريت بحران را نداشته باشد، وارد عمل مي‌گردد.

11. سطوح بحران • شرايط مورد توجه براي تعيين سطح: • امكانات موجود در يك سازمان يا مجموعه سازماني • ميزان و نوع درخواست مشتريان يا متقاضيان

12. برنامه‌هاي عملياتي استانداردويژگي • مشخص بودن سازمان مسؤول، جانشين، پشتيبان و همكار براي هر يك از امور تخصصي در سطوح مختلف • خوداتكايي هر سازمان براي اجراي برنامه‌هاي عملياتي از پيش تصويب شده بدون نياز به گذراندن مراحل اداري طي حداقل ٧٢ ساعت اول وقوع بحران • مشخص بودن تقدم و تأخر كارها در اجراي برنامه عملياتي

13. نمودار عمليات اجرايي مرتبط با تامين آب شرب در سطح E1 پست‌هاي امداد مناطق پست‌هاي امداد مناطق پست‌هاي امداد مناطق

14. نمونه‌اي از تعاريفسطوح عمليات مديريت بحران • سطح صفر: عدم نياز به ارايه خدمات اضطراري (وضعيت عادي) • سطح يك: ارايه خدمات اضطراري توسط سازمان مسؤول با استفاده از امكانات سازماني ويژه اين خدمات • سطح دو: ارايه خدمات اضطراري توسط سازمان مسؤول با استفاده از همه امكانات سازمان • سطح سه: ارايه خدمات اضطراري با مديريت سازمان مسؤول توسط مجموعه‌اي از سازمانها • سطح چهار: ارايه خدمات اضطراري با مديريتسازمان جانشين توسط مجموعه‌اي از سازمانها

15. چرخه مديريت جامع بحران مقابله بحران بازسازي پيشگيري آمادگي

16. Hazard • Anything that may pose a danger; it is used in this discussion to mean a natural or human-made phenomenon or a mixture of both, that has the potential to adversely affect human health, property, activity, and/or the environment. • Hazards are specific as to type, and as a general rule contain energy.

17. Hazard • Natural hazard: Natural phenomena which occur in proximity to and pose a threat to people, structures or economic assets and may cause disaster. They are caused by biological, geological, seismic, hydrological, or meteorological conditions or processes in natural environment. • Human-made hazard: A condition created by humans that have in-built properties that may have disastrous consequences for a society.86

18. Hazard • A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. • Hazards can include latent conditions that may represent future threats and can have different origins: natural (geological, hydrometeorological and biological) or induced by human processes (environmental degradation and technological hazards). • Hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. Each hazard is characterized by its location, intensity, frequency and probability.

19. Hazard analysis • Identification, studies and monitoring of any hazard to determine its potential, origin, characteristics and behaviors.

20. Vulnerability • The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. • For positive factors, which increase the ability of people to cope with hazards, see definition of capacity.

21. Vulnerability • The susceptibility of the population and environment to the nature of an event; the susceptibility of an individual or population to injury or contagion; • The degree of possible/potential loss to a given element at risk resulting from a given hazard at a given intensity.

22. Susceptibility • The degree of ease by which a person is affected by a given phenomenon; synonymous with vulnerability. Individuals and populations have different susceptibilities to different types of events. • Susceptibility is used to denote the degree of ease by which a person or a population is affected by a given phenomenon; susceptibility and vulnerability are used interchangeably.

23. Event • An occurrence that has the potential to affect living beings and/or their environment; a realization of a hazard. • Precipitating event: event responsible for initiating the damage resulting directly from the occurrence of the event. • Secondary events: events that occur as a result of the damage caused by the precipitating event.

24. Impact • Impact is defined as the actual process of contact between an event and a society or a society’s immediate perimeter; an effect or influence, especially when strong. • Impact has a broad connotation and refers to both positive and negative influences produced by events on the environment.

25. Damage • The negative result from the impact of an event.

26. Risk • The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions. Conventionally risk is expressed by the notation Risk = Hazards x Vulnerability.

27. Risk • Some disciplines also include the concept of exposure to refer particularly to the physical aspects of vulnerability. • Beyond expressing a possibility of physical harm, it is crucial to recognize that risks are inherent or can be created or exist within social systems.

28. Risk • The objective (mathematical) or subjective (inductive) probability that some thing negative will occur (happen).

29. Risk Assessment/Analysis • A methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk by analyzing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability that could pose a potential threat or harm to people, property, livelihoods and the environment on which they depend. • Prediction and estimation of risk.

30. Capacity • A combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster. • Capacity may include physical, institutional, social or economic means as well as skilled personal or collective attributes such as leadership and management. Capacity may also be described as capability.

31. Emergency • A situation that is out of control and requires immediate attention.

32. Emergency management • A range of measures to manage risks to communities and the environment; the organization and management of resources for dealing with all aspects of emergencies. • Emergency management involves the plans, structures and arrangements which are established to bring together the normal endeavors of government, voluntary and private agencies in a comprehensive and coordinated way to deal with the whole spectrum of emergency needs including prevention, response, and recovery.

33. Emergency management • The organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all aspects of emergencies, in particularly preparedness, response and rehabilitation. • Emergency management involves plans, structures and arrangements established to engage the normal endeavors of government, voluntary and private agencies in a comprehensive and coordinated way to respond to the whole spectrum of emergency needs. This is also known as disaster management.

34. Disaster • A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. • A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from the combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk.

35. Disaster risk management • The systematic process of using administrative decisions, organization, operational skills and capacities to implement policies, strategies and coping capacities of the society and communities to lessen the impacts of natural hazards and related environmental and technological disasters. • This comprises all forms of activities, including structural and non-structural measures to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) adverse effects of hazards.

36. Disaster management • The aggregate of all measures taken to reduce the likelihood of damage that will occur related to a hazard(s) and to minimize the damage once an event is occurring or has occurred and to direct recovery from the damage; the body of policy and administrative decisions and operational activities that pertain to the various stages of a disaster at all levels.

37. Planning • The process used to develop contingencies in preparation for an event that is likely to occur at some time. • Planning includes warning systems, evacuation, relocation of dwellings (e.g., for floods), stores of food and water, temporary shelter, energy, management strategies, disaster drills and exercises, etc. • Contingency plans and responses are included in the preparedness in the sense used in this document.

38. Mitigation • Structural and non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural hazards, environmental degradation and technological hazards.

39. Prevention • Activities to provide outright avoidance of the adverse impact of hazards and means to minimize related environmental, technological and biological disasters. Depending on social and technical feasibility and cost/benefit considerations, investing in preventive measures is justified in areas frequently affected by disasters. In the context of public awareness and education, related to disaster risk reduction changing attitudes and behaviour contribute to promoting a "culture of prevention".

40. Disaster Prevention • the aggregate of approaches and measures taken to ensure that the hazard does not cause a disaster, either by preventing the event or by mitigating activities, or by activities/structure that is able to absorb the event.

41. Preparedness • Activities and measures taken in advance to ensure effective response to the impact of hazards, including the issuance of timely and effective early warnings and the temporary evacuation of people and property from threatened locations. • The aggregate of all measures and policies taken by humans before the event; to be prepared for the event.

42. Disaster Preparedness • The aggregate of all measures and policies taken by humans before the event for reduction of the damage that otherwise would have resulted from the event, and coping with the damage sustained.

43. Relief / response • The provision of assistance or intervention during or immediately after a disaster to meet the life preservation and basic subsistence needs of those people affected. It can be of an immediate, short-term, or protracted duration. • Efforts directed at the alleviation of pain or distress.125

44. Recovery • Decisions and actions taken after a disaster with a view to restoring or improving the pre-disaster living conditions of the stricken community, while encouraging and facilitating necessary adjustments to reduce disaster risk. • Recovery (rehabilitation and reconstruction) affords an opportunity to develop and apply disaster risk reduction measures.

45. Structural Measures • Structural measures refer to any physical construction to reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards, which include engineering measures and construction of hazard-resistant and protective structures and infrastructure.

46. Non-structural measures • Non-structural measures refer to policies, awareness, knowledge development, public commitment, and methods and operating practices, including participatory mechanisms and the provision of information, which can reduce risk and related impacts.

47. Basic Societal Functions • Major functional components of a society that may be affected either directly or indirectly by an event resulting in a disaster: • (1) Medical; • (2) Public health; • (3) Sanitation and water supplies; • (4) Shelter and clothing; • (5) Food; • (6) Energy supplies; • (7) Search and rescue;

48. Basic Societal Functions • (8) Public works and engineering; • (9) Environment; • (10) Logistics and transport; • (11) Security; • (12) Communications; • (13) Economy; and • (14) Education. • Each of these functional components is composed of many elements. All of the basic societal elements are linked together by a Coordination and Control function provided by the respective governments.

49. Incident command system (ICS) • A system of command and control used in the management of incidents.

50. Triage • Is the sorting into pre-established priorities. In reference to medical care and disasters, it means that scarce resources will be used to provide the maximum benefit to the population at large. The traditional triage is the transvertical triage (takes place within a short time frame). Longitudinal triage means sacrificing victims at the moment for the benefit of future victims.